South Italian principalities

Following the collapse of Roman and later Lombard authority in southern Italy, a group of semi-independent principalities evolved between the 8th and 11th centuries:

• Principality of Benevento, a former Lombard duchy independent from 774
• Principality of Salerno, split off from Benevento in 851
• Principality of Capua, split off from Benevento in 981

• Duchy of Naples, a former Byzantine province, a hereditary principality from 840
• Duchy of Gaeta, its ruler took the title Duke in 933
• Duchy of Amalfi, its ruler took the title Duke in 958
• Duchy of Sorrento, usually under the authority of Amalfi

• County of Aversa, a Norman fief of Naples from 1030, conquered Capua in 1058
• County of Sicily, the Norman conquest began in 1071, it became a kingdom in 1130
• Duchy of Apulia and Calabria, the supreme Norman authority on the peninsula from 1047